Design with the user

13 November 2014

1. User-centered Design, User-experience design, Co-Design

2. Lead users, Open Innovation and Open Source

1. User-centered, User-experience, Co- Design

Traditional view of design

Source: http://www.alessi.it/it/3/1055/accessori-da-cucina/juicy-salif-spremiagrumi

Limitations...

Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black.

Henry Ford

Source: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

Approaches...

Marketing (market pull)
Technology (technology push)
Mass-customization
...
Human-centered Design

Human-centered Design

an approach to systems design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the use of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques

Source: ISO 9241-210

ISO 9241-210: Abstract

ISO 9241-210:2010 provides requirements and recommendations for human-centred design principles and activities throughout the life cycle of computer-based interactive systems. It is intended to be used by those managing design processes, and is concerned with ways in which both hardware and software components of interactive systems can enhance human–system interaction.

Source: ISO 9241-210

ISO 9241-210: Recommendations

The adoption of multidisciplinary skills and perspectives
Explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments
User-centred evaluation driven/refined design
Consideration of the whole user experience
Involvement of users throughout design and development

Source: ISO 9241-210

Roots: Human-computer Interaction

Human–computer interaction (HCI) involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction

Roots: Human-computer Interaction

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Engelbart

... to Social Innovation

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mcZKWhjr9o

... to a Kit for NGO

Source: http://www.ideo.com/work/human-centered-design-toolkit/

... to an online platform

Source: http://www.hcdconnect.org/

... to a no-profit initiative

Source: http://www.hcdconnect.org/

... to an online course

Source: http://vimeo.com/68659872

Roots: Participatory Design

Participatory design (known before as cooperative design) is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process in order to help ensure the product designed meets their needs and is usable.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_design

User-centered Design

User-centered design (UCD) is an approach to design that grounds the process in information about the people who will use the product. UCD processes focus on users through the planning, design and development of a product.

Usability Professionals' Association

Source: http://www.usabilityprofessionals.org/usability_resources/about_usability/what_is_ucd.html

User-centered Design: Principles

Gould, J. D., & Lewis, C. (1985). Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Commun. ACM, 28(3), 300–311. doi:10.1145/3166.3170

User-centered Design: The design process from ISO-13407

Source: http://www.wqusability.com/articles/language-usability-tekom-proceedings.html

User-centered Design: models

design model vs. user model

as understood by designers vs. as understood by users

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-centered Design: Usability

easiness of learning
efficiency of the user
easiness of memorizing
few errors
user satisfaction

Source: Mack, R. L., & Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability inspection methods. Wiley & Sons.

A nice book about usability...

Source: Tullis, T., & Albert, W. (2013). Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics (Interactive Technologies) (2 edition.). Morgan Kaufmann.

User-centered Design: Cognitive Psychology

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Cognitive Psychology: affordances

Give visibility of all the functional parts
Give a good mapping between command and result
Give affordances and constraints
Give feedback
Give a good conceptual model
Simplify tasks

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Cognitive Psychology: affordances

An affordance is a quality of an object, or an environment, which allows an individual to perform an action by suggesting the action to be taken.

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Cognitive Psychology: constraints

Physical
Semantic
Cultural
Logic

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Tools: Personas

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cannedtuna/4852756417/

Tools: Scenario / Storyboard

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rantingfan/98603948/

... more tools: a toolkit

Source: http://project.cmd.hro.nl/cmi/hci/toolkit/index.php

User-centered design: an updated recap

Source: Ritter, F. E., Baxter, G. D., & Churchill, E. F. (2014). Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems: What System Designers Need to Know about People (2014 edition.). New York: Springer.

User-experience Design

Experience Design focuses on the need of designing the quality and the esthetics of the experiences that people live while interacting with an artifact, wether material or immaterial, physical or cognitive, putting on the first level the concept of user experience.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design

Two possible interpretations:

experience design
design based on the experience

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design: approaches

people-centered approaches: studying the individual experience
product-centered approaches: studying the features of products that generate experience
interaction-centered approaches: studying the interactions between people and artifacts

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design: Emotions

Source: Norman, D. A. (2004). Emotional design why we love (or hate) everyday things. New York: Basic Books.

Emotions: how?

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W67LvAYAkY4

Emotions: how?

Source: http://www.themindensemble.com/tag/mind-processing-chair-emotiv-epoc-anton-rhino/

Emotions: how?

Source: http://www.wefeelfine.org/

User-experience Design: the role

Experience Design does not aim at understanding how products enter effectively into people's activities. This was the aim of UCD [...] UED tries to understand the deep meaning of how artifacts enter reflexively in relations with the users, of how people understand themselves in relation to the artifacts. Experience Design aims at an empathic understanding of the user [...] [the designer is] an interpreter. The role of an interpreter is to mediate the user experience inside a design process.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Experience Design: Experience Economy

Source: Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy work is theatre & every business a stage. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Co-Design

Co-design is defined as a form of collaboration aiming at design [...] It is a methodology for the designing with the users and not necessarily for the users.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

The landscape of human-centered design

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

Co-Design & Co-creation

The authors take co-creation to refer to any act of collective creativity, i.e., creativity that is shared by two or more people.

By co-design we indicate collective creativity as it is applied across the whole span of a design process, as was intended by the name of this journal. Thus, co-design is a specific instance of co-creation.

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

Co-Design @ the Fuzzy Front End

The goal of the explorations in the front end is to determine what is to be designed and sometimes what should not be designed and manufactured.

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

The limits of user-centered design

But it is now becoming apparent that the user-centered design approach cannot address the scale or the complexity of the challenges we face today. We are no longer simply designing products for users. We are designing for the future experiences of people, communities and cultures who now are connected and informed in ways that were unimaginable even 10 years ago.

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

Co-Design: change of role for designers

User-centered Design: users are passive participants to be studied
User-experience Design: users are experts of their experience, can then generate concepts, but designers will develop them in artifacts
Co-Design: users as co-creator, designers as facilitators a nd researchers

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Probes: a toolkit

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabinet/170415960/

Probes: to gather information

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabinet/170416014/

Mattelmäki: "Probes"

Source: Mattelmäki, T. (2006). Design probes. Retrieved from https://www.taik.fi/kirjakauppa/product_info.php?products_id=28

Co-Design: Workshop

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/93570163@N02/9204754137/

User-centered Design, User Experience Design, Co-Design

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Prototypes for User-centered Design, User Experience Design, Co-Design

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Lunch time! Questions?

See you at 13:00

2. Lead users, Open Innovation and Open Source

von Hippel: "The sources of innovation"

Source: Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/sources.htm

von Hippel: "Democratizing Innovation"

Source: Von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm

Lead Users: Skateboard

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_B_(3598746031).jpg

Lead Users: Mountain Bike

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devinci_bike.JPG

von Hippel: Lego, User-Generated Innovation

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2enG7NzWgo

von Hippel: Methodology for Lead Users

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNKrX1QxN6U&list=PLD4C0E9AEDF085119

Ladders of participation: Arnstein

Source: Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of planners, 35(4), 216–224.

Ladders of participation: Hart

Source: Hart, R. A. (1997). Children’s participation: the theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. Earthscan. Retrieved from http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20016783259.html

Ladders of participation: Forrester

Source: NACTAS Q4 2006 Survey.

Ladders of participation: Web communities

Source: http://www.nngroup.com/articles/participation-inequality/

Chesbrough: "Open Innovation"

Source: Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.

Chesbrough: "Open Services Innovation"

Source: Chesbrough, H. (2011). Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Open Innovation: the concept

Source: http://www.crowdsourcing.org/editorial/open-innovation-creating-through-community-creation/16499

Open Innovation: Innocentive

Source: http://www.innocentive.com/

Open Innovation: Edra

Source: http://www.edra.com/prodotto.php?id=2

Open Innovation: Santa&Cole

Source: http://www.santacole.com/en/catalogo/lamparas-de-sobremesa

Open Innovation: Santa&Cole

Source: http://www.santacole.com/en/catalogo/farolas

Open Innovation: Santa&Cole

Source: http://www.santacole.com/en/catalogo/arboles-de-gran-desarrollo

Open Innovation: Santa&Cole

Source: http://www.santacole.com/en/catalogo/clasicos-del-diseno

Open Innovation: The Physical Internet

Source: http://physicalinternetinitiative.org/

Open Source: what is it?

A (software) project published with a license that facilitates its access + modifying + sharing in a collaborative way.

A (software) project developed collaboratively by a community, based not on hierarchy but on reputation.

Open Source: what is it?

Source Code (human readable)

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Binary Code (machine readable)

Source Code

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nyoin/3342043239/

Binary Code

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/exlibris/2997090116/

Back to history: Mainframes

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer

Back to history: Proprietary Software

Source: http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19840416,00.html

RMS Stallman

Source: http://stallman.org/

GNU: "Gnu's Not Unix"

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU

Stallman: Free Software Definition

“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them.

RMS Stallman

Source: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Stallman: The Four Freedoms

The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

Source: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Free Software Foundation

Source: http://www.fsf.org/

Stallman: "Free Software Free Society"

Source: Richard Stallman. (2010). Free Software, Free Society - Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition. GNU Press. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/FreeSoftwareFreeSociety-SelectedEssaysOfRichardM.Stallman2nd

Linus Torvalds

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

GNU/Linux

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

GNU/Linux: how it's made

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVpbFMhOAwE

Unix

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history.svg

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RDrS0ablTo

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rk62hRBDLGc

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu on Android

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv1Z7bf4jXY

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu Mobile

Source: http://youtu.be/aW8KVq52CYU

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu for Tablets

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h384z7Ph0gU

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu TV

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq_WaOLjdyQ

Raymond: "The Cathedral and the Bazaar"

Source: Raymond, E. S. (2001). The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Revised.). O’Reilly Media. Retrieved from http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/

Kuwabara: "Linux: a Bazaar at the edge of chaos"

Source: Kuwabara, K. (2000). Linux: A Bazaar at the Edge of Chaos. First Monday, 5(3). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/article/view/731/640

Open Source Initiative

Source: http://opensource.org/

The Open Source Definition

Source: http://opensource.org/osd

Open Source: LAMP Stack

Source: http://opensource.org/osd

Open Source Design software: Gimp

Source: http://www.gimp.org/

Open Source Design software: Inkscape

Source: http://www.inkscape.org/

Open Source Design software: Blender

Source: http://www.blender.org/

Blender: Open Movies

Source: http://youtu.be/YE7VzlLtp-4

Open Source Design software: Scribus

Source: http://www.scribus.net/

Open Source and Co-Design

Democratization of access, not necessarily of design
By professionals, for professionals: Knowledge intensive
Yes, if there are designers... but relationships should be redefined
...

Open Source vs. Open Innovation

“Open innovation is sometimes confated with open source methodologies for software development. There are some concepts that are shared between the two, such as the idea of greater external sources of information to create value. However, open innovation explicitly incorporates the business model as the source of both value creation and value capture. This latter role of the business model enables the organization to sustain its position in the industry value chain over time. While open source shares the focus on value creation throughout an industry value chain, its proponents usually deny or downplay the importance of value capture.”

Source: Chesbrough, H. (2011). Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass.